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The double mutuated Corona Virus


Conducting a study related to Virus, its clear that Virus mutuates all the time. Some of these mutuations may weaken the virus and while the other strengthens them. Virus is spreading all around the world faster than other pre existing variants. Scientists are trying to continously monitor and respond to this pandemic but the vaccines are only effective to a particular limit. 

While looking at the source from which all the spreading started, yes no doubt its "China", It was for a butler in Wuhan meat market primarily corona was infected and this is the idea the virus might have originated from elsewhere via the farming, catching, processing, transporting, refrigeration or freezing of food. Was that food ice cream, fish, wildlife meat? We don’t know. It’s unproven that this triggered the origin of the virus itself. But to what extent did it contribute to its spread? Again, we don’t know.The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 was first observed when cases of unexplained pneumonia were noted in the city of Wuhan, China. (1) During the first weeks of the epidemic in Wuhan, an association was noted between the early cases and the Wuhan Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market (hereafter referred to as the “Huanan market”); cases were mainly reported in operating dealers and vendors.(1) The authorities closed the market on 1 January 2020 for environmental sanitation and disinfection. The market, which predominantly sold aquatic products and seafood as well as some farmed wild animal products, was initially suspected to be the epicentre of the epidemic, suggesting an event at the humananimal interface. Retrospective investigations identified additional cases with onset of disease in December 2019, and not all the early cases reported an association with the Huanan Market.(2) Although the role of civets as intermediate hosts in the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002-2004 had been favoured and a role for pangolins in the outbreak of COVID-19 was initially posited, subsequent epidemiological and epizootic studies have not substantiated the contribution of these animals in transmission to humans. The possible intermediate host of SARS-CoV2 remains elusive. Bats have been identified as the hosts of a series of important zoonotic viruses (for example, Nipah virus, Hendra virus and SARS-CoV), including coronaviruses with considerable genetic diversity.(3, 4) Of particular relevance with regard to COVID-19 are those coronaviruses that were found to be associated with the outbreaks in humans of SARS in 2002 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2013.(5) The causative virus of COVID-19 was rapidly isolated from patients and sequenced, with the results from China subsequently being shared and published in January 2020.(6) The findings showed that it was a positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family (a subgroup B betacoronavirus) and was new to humans. In the early work, analysis of the genomic sequence of the new virus (SARS-CoV-2) showed high homology with that of the coronavirus that caused SARS in 2002-2004, namely SARS-CoV (another subgroup B betacoronavirus).(5) Over the next year extensive work globally on sequences and phylogeny followed and the results have been shared internationally and stored through the GISAID platform
SARS-CoV-2 also shares a 96.2% homology with a sequence of a strain of coronavirus (RaTG13) previously identified by genetic sequencing from a horseshoe bat sample (Rhinolophus species) and to a lesser extent with a strain isolated from pangolins. The RaTG13 virus sequence is the closest known sequence to SARS-CoV-2. As with the coronaviruses that cause SARS and MERS, human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV2 was soon established, (7) but the virus demonstrated much greater infectivity than these other two coronaviruses. (8) SARS-CoV-2 shows a broad tissue tropism, in particular binding through its spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). It also directly infects endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, unusually for a human respiratory virus. Other novel pathological features of the virus are hypercoagulability and the excessive multi-organ immune system response and long-term sequelae. People infected with SARS-CoV-2 appear to be most infectious at the time of onset of symptoms but were also infectious in the days before onset. Infections can be asymptomatic, cause a mild illness or result in severe disease and death. In February 2020 the joint WHO-China mission on COVID-19 (9) was convened to inform planning in China and internationally on the next steps in the response to the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19. Its major objectives were: • to enhance understanding of the evolving COVID-19 outbreak in China and the nature and impact of ongoing containment measures; • to share knowledge on the COVID-19 response and preparedness measures being implemented in countries affected by or at risk of importations of COVID-19; • to generate recommendations for adjusting COVID-19 containment and response measures in China and internationally; and • to establish priorities for a collaborative programme of work, research and development to address critical gaps in knowledge and response and readiness tools and activities. In May 2020, the Seventy-third World Health Assembly adopted resolution WHA73.1 on the COVID19 response. Through the resolution, Members States requested the Director-General “to continue to work closely with the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and countries, as part of the One-Health Approach to identify the zoonotic source of the virus and the route of introduction to the human population, including the possible role of intermediate hosts, including through efforts such as scientific and collaborative field missions, which will enable targeted interventions and a research agenda to reduce the risk of similar events occurring, as well as to provide guidance on how to prevent infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in animals and humans and prevent the establishment of new zoonotic reservoirs, as well as to reduce further risks of emergence and transmission of zoonotic diseases”. In July 2020, building on the recommendations of the Seventy-third World Health Assembly, the WHO sent an advance team to China to agree on a way forward to better understand the origins of the virus. The agreed Terms of Reference (10) defined the scope of studies, the main guiding principles and the main expected deliverables. These ToRs envisaged two phases of studies: short-term studies (Phase 1) to better understand how the virus started to circulate in Wuhan; and, building on the findings and the published scientific literature, longer-term studies (Phase 2). The ToRs included the setting up of a joint international team of experts that would help analyse Phase 1 studies outcomes and design, and support and conduct the Phase 2 studies. The work aimed to contribute to improving the understanding of the virus origins. The overall results and findings would benefit improved global preparedness and response to SARS-CoV-2 and emerging zoonotic diseases of similar origin. 

Before the joint study, the earliest recognized cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan were thought to have occurred in early December 2019.(1) Preliminary information from surveillance of severe pneumonia had suggested no unusual clustering or departure from trends in the weeks and months preceding these first reported cases. As SARS-CoV-2 infection may, however, be asymptomatic or cause only mild illness in many individuals,(2-4) it is likely that others were infected at the time of the recognition of the early cases and that transmission could have been occurring in the community before this point. Investigation into the possible occurrence of earlier cases is therefore important. Many of the early cases were reported to have a link to the Huanan market, a place where animals and animal products were sold to the public. Some reports have suggested the zoonotic spread of SARSCoV-2 through this market, although the role of the market, as either the source of the initial transmission of the virus to humans or as an amplifier of the early epidemic, was unclear, as several early cases reported no link to the Huanan market or any other market in Wuhan.(5) Several Phase 1 studies were agreed following the drafting of the ToRs in July 20202 , and work was carried out ahead of the arrival of the international team in January 2021. This work included extensive data collection, data cleaning, review of clinical records, patient interviews and testing, and preparatory analyses. The studies were reviewed in depth by the joint international WHO/Chinese team, and additional analyses were done based on these reviews. The overall focus of the studies was to determine: (1) whether there was evidence of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan or Hubei Province in the period preceding the recognized outbreak in Wuhan in December 2019 using routine disease and death surveillance data, review of clinical records and targeted SARS-CoV-2 laboratory testing; (2) whether there was evidence of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the wider population of Wuhan or Hubei Province at the time the outbreak was recognized in Wuhan in December 2019 using information from the cases reported with onset in that month; and (3) whether the epidemiological characteristics of the early cases associated with the Huanan market pointed to a specific time, location or source of the introduction of infection into the market at the beginning of the outbreak.

What is moment of inertia?


Hi all, welcome to my blog. Today lets discuss about the topic moment of inertia. Every one of you may have heard about moment of inertia but only through mathematical terms. 
Lets check the name again,
"Moment of inertia"
Split it in to two
"Moment" of "inertia"

Lets see, what is inertia


Check the image above

Lets consider they are in a race, in most conditions the probability of the thin guy winning is more.
Why is the fat boy is slow?
Because of his mass right?

His mass is opposing his speed, thin guy has also a mass but th opposition is very low.

In the same way inertia is an opposing virtual force.

Now lets check the word moment,


check the fishing rod, a force is applied at both the ends, and the rod bends. This is called moment, the turning force. Both force are in downward direction and the rod bends.

I think the idea is clear,

Moment of inertia means resistance to the turning force.

Moment of inertia may change according to selection of forces, if its either through perpendicular or parellel axis


KERALA SSLC RESULTS 2020 LATEST SSLC RESULTS



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Machining Processes & Machine Tool operations MCQ Mechanical


1. The cutting edge of the tool is perpendicular to the direction of tool travel in                                  
A. Orthogonal cutting of metals 
B. Oblique cutting of metals
C. Both a and b
D. None of these

Ans: Orthogonal cutting of metals



2. The cutting edge of the tool is inclined at an angle less than 90 to the direction of tool travel in
A. Orthogonal cutting of metals
B. Oblique cutting of metals
C. Both a and b
D. None of these

Ans: Oblique cutting of metals

3. Two components of the cutting forces which are perpendicular acting on the cutting tool in
A. Orthogonal cutting of metals
B. Oblique cutting of metals
C. Both a and b
D. None of these

Ans: Orthogonal cutting of metals

4. Orthogonal cutting systems are also known as
A. One dimesional cutting system
B. Two dimensional cutting system
C. Three dimensional cutting system
D. none of these

Ans: Two dimensional cutting system

5. Three components of the cutting forces which are mutually perpendicular are acting at the cutting edge in
A. Orthogonal cutting of metals
B. Oblique cutting of metals
C. Both a and b
D. None of these

Ans: Oblique cutting of metals

6. In orthogonal cutting system
A. cutting tool prepares surface parellel to the work face
B. chip flows over the tool face and the direction of the chip flow velocity is normal to the cutting edge
C. maximum chip thickness occurs at the middle
D. all of these

Ans: D. all of these

7. In oblique cutting system
A. cutting edge of the tool may or maynot prepare a surface parellel to the work face
B. maximum chip thickness maynot occur at the middle 
C. more than one cutting edges are in action
D. all of these

Ans: D. all of these

8. In metal cutting operation discontinuous chips are formed while machining
A. brittle material
B. ductile material
C. hard material
D. soft material

Ans: Brittle material
9. In metal cutting operations continuous chips are produced while machining
A. brittle material
B. ductile material
C. hard material
D. soft material

Ans: ductile material

10. When material is ductile and cutting speed is high then
A. continuous chips are formed
B. continuous chips with buid tup edges are formed
C. discontinuous chips are formed 
D. none of these

Ans: continuous chips are formed

11. When material is ductile and cutting speed is low, then chips formed are
A. continuous chips are formed
B. continuous chips with builtup edges are formed
C. discontinuous chips are formed 

D. none of these

Ans: continuous chips with build up edges are formed

12. When material is brittle, non ductile and cutting speed is low then
A. continuous chips are formed
B. continuous chips with builtup edges are formed
C. discontinuous chips are formed 

D. none of these

Ans: discontinuous chips are formed

13. In metal cuttijng operation, chips are formed due to
A. linear transformation
B. shear deformation
C. linear translation
D. none of these

Ans:shear deformation

14. Discontinuous chips are formed during machining of 
A. cast iron
B. mild steel
C. aluminium
D. none of these

Ans: cast iron

15. Continuous chips are formed during machining of 
A. cast iron
B. mild steel
C. aluminium
D. none of these

Ans: mild steel

16. With increase of cutting speed, the built up edge
A. becomes longer
B. smaller or finally does not form
C. may or may not form
D. none of these

Ans: smaller or finally does not form

17. Material having highest cutting speed is 
A. cast iron
B. aluminium
C. bronze
D. high speed steel

Ans: aluminium

18. Material having lowest cutting speed is
A. cast iron
B. bronze
C. aluminium
D. high speed steel

Ans: High speed steel

19. Chips with built up edges are formed while machining 
A. brittle material
B. ductile material
C. cast material
D. all of these

Ans: Cast material

20. In  metal cutting operation, shear angle is defined as an angle made by the shear plane with the 
A. tool axis
B. direction of tool travel
C. central plane of work piece
D. none of these

Ans: direction of tool travel

21. Angle made by the face tool and the plane parellel to the base of the cutting tool is called
A. lip angle
B. rake angle
C. cutting angle
D. clearance angle

Ans: rake angle

22. Angle between the tool face and the ground end surface of flank is called
A. lip angle
B. rake angle
C. cutting angle
D. clearance angle

Ans: lip angle

23. Angle between the tool face and the line tangent to the machined surface at the cutting point is called
A. lip angle
B. rake angle
C. cutting angle
D. clearance angle

Ans: Cutting angle

24. Angle between shear plane and work surface is called
A. lip angle
B. rake angle
C. cutting angle
D. clearance angle

Ans: clearance angle

25. Angle on which strength of the tool depends is 
A. lip angle
B. rake angle
C. cutting angle
D. clearance angle

Ans: rake angle

26. For brittle materials like brass, the rake angle provided is 
A. zero
B. negative
C. positive
D. none of these

Ans:zero

27. For copper rake angle provided is 
A. zero
B. negative
C. positive
D. none of these

Ans: negative

28. Carbide tipped tools generally have, rake angle
A. zero
B. negative
C. positive
D. none of these

Ans: Positive

29. For machining brass by high speed steel tool, the rake angle provided as
A. zero
B. negative
C. positive
D. none of these

Ans: zero

30. Negative rake angle are provided to 
A. give a better finish
B. Increase the strength of the cutting tool point
C. decrease the temperature rise at the tool point
D. all of these

Ans:all of these

31. Negative rake angles are used for
A. heavy loads
B. carbide tools
C. hard materials 
D. all of these

Ans. all of these

32. Cemented carbide tools are generally poor in
A. torsion
B. tension
C. compression
D. shear

Ans: shear

33. Binding materials used in cemented carbide tools is 
A. nickel
B. cobalt
C. chromium
D. silicon

Ans: cobalt

34. Cutting tool used on lathe, shaper and planner machine is 
A. Single point
B. two point
C. three point
D. multi point

Ans: single point

35. Cutting tool used on milling and breaching machine is 
A. Single point
B. two point
C. three point
D. multi point

Ans: multi point

Amazon Great Indian Festival



Samsung Galaxy M10s (Metallic Blue, 3GB RAM, Super AMOLED Display, 32GB Storage, 4000mAH Battery) is the new attraction on amazon great indian festival which started on October 13th to Oct 17th.

 This phone orginally priced at 10000 has 2001 off due to the sale and also got exchange offer upto 7200. 

The phone comes with 6.4inch LED screen and Dual camera on the back with a powerful selfie camera (8mp). 


Supports 4G networks in both Sim. 

It has a battery capacity upto 4000mah and a type C fast charging port. 

The offer is limited period only


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click below link

Joker: Smile mix with the red


The one who creates good or bad inside a person is his environment. If one wishes to be good, his environment intrepret in his case. The work of infamous persons will get praised. The one who without consideration will become clowns. How will you react to the society which make fun of us? Answer to that question is the Joker!

Cleaning peoples of the Gotham city are in strike for their righteous wages for days. Rules are just ignorant to them. Because of this waste has increased enormously in the city. Poverty, struggles and war makes all the stores get closed. The director shows the real face of capitalists through this movie.

] "I used to think that my life was a tragedy , but now I realize, its a comedy" by these words Joker/Arthur starts his character on the movie. 

OnePlus Mirror Blue





POST DIPLOMA COURSES UNDER MSME


Central institute of tool design Under Govt of India in Hyderabad invites both Diploma and  Btech candidates for their Post diploma courses. For students who have completed Diploma or Btech this would be a better job oriented course for skill development. All of you should pursue this opportunity. Detailed advertisement, Application form and Prospectus available in the link given below.

Filled Application form along with Application fee should be sent to The Director(trg), CITD,Balanagar, Hyderabad-500 037

Important dates

Application forms Available from                             08.07.2019
Last date of receipt of filled Application form          14.08.2019
Last date of Admission                                              18.08.2019

UTS INDIAN RAILWAY TICKETING APP




Indian railway has now launched an unreserved ticketing app called UTS(Universal Ticketing System) for passenger who need second class tickets. Now passengers will not have to wait in long queues for getting tickets. You can avail both printed and non printed e-tickets which will be shown in your smartphones. This application will be unique for a smartphone and for one person. No extra charges for buying tickets through the app.


Download the UTS app from the below link,


UTS for Android


UTS for Windows


Download the app and create an account using your mobile number.
You can buy Unreserved tickets and season ticket very easily. For season tickets you have to give your correct address.

RRB exam First stage CBT Results 2018


RRBs had notified 26,502 vacancies for the posts of Assistant Loco Pilot (ALP) and Technicians. In terms of Para 7 under the heading “Important Instructions” of CEN 01/2018 these vacancies were provisional. Further, attention is also drawn to the Notice dated 01.08.2018 published on the official websites of RRBs stating that the vacancies are likely to be increased to about 60,000.


Accordingly, the Vacancies have now been enhanced and the revised vacancies are as under:
Sl No Post Category Vacancy
1 Assistant Loco Pilot 27795
2 Various posts of Technicians 36576
 Total 64371

The RRB & Railway wise summary of vacancies is given in the Revised Vacancy Table. It is to be noted that Railways reserve the right to either increase or decrease the vacancies mentioned above as per the actual requirement of Railways at the time of empanelment of candidates.

RRB FIRST STAGE CBT RESULT     



((( RESULT )))